From Multiple States to One Pakistan: What Changed After the Lahore Resolution?

Posted on by
Reply

📜 The Lahore Resolution: A Turning Point in South Asian History

On March 23, 1940, the All-India Muslim League passed a historic resolution in Lahore. It later became known as the Lahore Resolution or the Pakistan Resolution. Surprisingly, the resolution mentioned the formation of independent states for Muslims, not a single nation.

But why did only one country—Pakistan—form out of that vision? Let’s dive into the reasons behind this political shift.

🧐 What Did the Lahore Resolution Say?

The resolution stated:

“…the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority… should be grouped to constitute independent states…”

The use of the plural term “states” was intentional and strategically vague to attract wider support and avoid early opposition.

🔍 Why Was Only One Pakistan Created?

✅ 1. Strategic Vagueness

The plural word “states” allowed Muslim League leaders to keep their options open and adjust based on political developments.

✅ 2. Centralized Vision of Leadership

Muhammad Ali Jinnah and his allies preferred a single, strong, unified Muslim nation to maintain centralized control and leadership.

✅ 3. Neglect of East Bengal’s Distinct Identity

Despite being a Muslim-majority region, East Bengal (later East Pakistan) was politically and culturally sidelined, undermining the idea of two fully separate states.

✅ 4. Administrative and Political Realities

Forming one centralized country seemed more practical and manageable to Muslim League leadership given the constraints of the time.

📌 The Aftermath

Pakistan was formed in 1947, combining West Pakistan (modern-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). However, major differences in language, culture, and governance led to discontent. Eventually, Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation in 1971.

🧠 Conclusion

The Lahore Resolution planted the seeds for an independent homeland for Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. Though it mentioned multiple states, a single country—Pakistan—was born due to political strategy, leadership goals, and practical realities.

Understanding this shift offers insight into the formation of Pakistan and the later emergence of Bangladesh.

টুইটার (X) থেকে হাই রেজ্যুলেশনের ছবি ডাউনলোড করার সহজ উপায়

Posted on by
Reply

 

টুইটার (X) থেকে হাই রেজ্যুলেশনের ছবি ডাউনলোড করার সহজ ট্রিক

অনেক সময় আমরা সোশ্যাল মিডিয়ায় স্ক্রল করতে করতে দারুন কিছু ছবি দেখি, যেগুলো ডাউনলোড করে রাখতে চাই। তবে ইনস্টাগ্রাম বা ফেসবুকের মতো কিছু প্ল্যাটফর্ম ছবিগুলোতে প্রচুর কম্প্রেশন করে দেয়, যার ফলে ছবির মান কমে যায়। কিন্তু টুইটার (বর্তমানে এক্স বা X) থেকে আপনি চাইলে খুব সহজেই হাই রেজ্যুলেশন ছবি ডাউনলোড করতে পারেন।

এই পোস্টে আমরা জানবো কিভাবে মাত্র কয়েকটি ধাপে টুইটার থেকে মূল ছবির কোয়ালিটি ঠিক রেখেই ডাউনলোড করা যায়।

কেন টুইটার ভালো রেজ্যুলেশন দেয়?

ইনস্টাগ্রাম ছবিগুলিকে 1080px-এর মধ্যে সীমাবদ্ধ করে রাখে এবং অনেক বেশি কম্প্রেস করে। টুইটারও কম্প্রেশন করে, তবে আপনি চাইলে “original” সাইজের ছবি অ্যাক্সেস করতে পারেন।

ধাপে ধাপে টুইটার থেকে হাই রেজ্যুলেশন ছবি ডাউনলোড করার পদ্ধতি:

✅ ১. প্রথমে ছবিযুক্ত টুইট ওপেন করুন

যে টুইটটিতে আপনার পছন্দের ছবি রয়েছে, সেটি খুলুন।

✅ ২. ছবির উপর রাইট-ক্লিক করুন এবং “Open image in new tab” সিলেক্ট করুন

এতে একটি নতুন ট্যাবে শুধুমাত্র ছবিটি খুলে যাবে।

✅ ৩. URL এর শেষে name=small বা name=medium থাকলে তা বদলে দিন name=orig দিয়ে

উদাহরণ:

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Fxyz12345?format=jpg&name=small

এই লিংকটিকে এভাবে পরিবর্তন করুন:

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Fxyz12345?format=jpg&name=orig

✅ ৪. Enter চাপুন

এখন আপনি ছবির মূল (original) রেজ্যুলেশন দেখতে পাবেন।

✅ ৫. রাইট-ক্লিক করে “Save image as…” দিয়ে সংরক্ষণ করুন

এতেই হাই কোয়ালিটির ইমেজ আপনার কম্পিউটারে সেভ হয়ে যাবে।

শেষ কথা:

এই পদ্ধতিটি ব্যবহার করে আপনি যেকোনো টুইটার ছবিকে তার সর্বোচ্চ মানে ডাউনলোড করতে পারবেন। বিশেষ করে ডিজাইনার, কনটেন্ট ক্রিয়েটর, অথবা শিক্ষামূলক কাজের জন্য যারা ভালো কোয়ালিটির ভিজ্যুয়াল চান—তাদের জন্য এটি খুবই উপকারী একটি ট্রিক।

আপনারা চাইলে এই পদ্ধতি বন্ধুদের সাথেও শেয়ার করতে পারেন, আর এরকম আরও টেক টিপস পেতে চোখ রাখুন “নলেজ ওয়েভস” ব্লগে!

চাইলে আমি তোমার ব্লগ ওয়েবসাইটের ফরম্যাট অনুযায়ী SEO ফ্রেন্ডলি হেডিং, মেটা ডেসক্রিপশন, বা কীওয়ার্ডসহ রেডি করে দিতে পারি। বলো, দরকার হলে সেটাও করে দিই।

44 BCS Viva Experience

Posted on by
Reply

Board: Professor Dr. Ferdous Arfina Osman
Date: 18/03/2025

  • Introduce yourself.
  • Why do you want to join the cadre service?
  • Among the sectors used to calculate GDP, which one includes engineering?
  • Where did you complete your master’s degree?
  • Is the development of Bangladesh’s garment industry solely due to cheap labor?
  • What benefits will we lose after LDC graduation?
  • Do you follow football?
  • What do you do in your leisure time?
  • What are the stages of team building? Explain the team building cycle.
  • Who are involved in the ongoing tariff war? How much financial loss will Europe face as a result?
  • On which products has China faced tariffs?
  • How will the tariff war impact Bangladesh?
  • What is the Fourth Industrial Revolution? Will it be beneficial or harmful for us?
  • What is cryptocurrency? Who controls it?
  • Who are the members of BRICS? What is its purpose?
  • What did the UN Secretary-General say about the Rohingya issue during his visit to Bangladesh?
  • How can you apply your engineering knowledge in diplomacy?
  • What is your opinion on Bangladesh’s current diplomacy?
  • If you get the opportunity to join the Foreign Service, what changes would you bring?

History of Biharis in Bangladesh, Role in the Liberation War, and Genocide

Posted on by
Reply

Who are Biharis?

Biharis are primarily an Urdu-speaking community originating from the states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Odisha in undivided India. They started residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) after the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. Predominantly Muslim, they migrated from India to Pakistan, considering Pakistan as their religious homeland.

When and Where Did They Come to Bangladesh?

During the partition of India in 1947, many Urdu-speaking Muslims moved to East Pakistan. Among them, a significant number came from Bihar, thus gaining the name ‘Bihari.’ They settled in industrial cities like Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Narayanganj, Syedpur, and others, primarily engaging in business, technical work, and railways. Due to cultural and linguistic differences between the two parts of Pakistan, they couldn’t assimilate with the local Bengalis and preserved their Urdu-speaking community.

Biharis’ Role in the Liberation War

During the Liberation War in 1971, a notable section of the Biharis supported Pakistan. Various reasons contributed to this:

  • Linguistic and Cultural Differences: Being Urdu-speaking, they felt distinct from Bengalis.
  • Political and Economic Reasons: Some believed their interests would be harmed if Pakistan broke apart.
  • Fear and Insecurity: Early incidents of violence during the war led them to support Pakistan.

However, not all Biharis opposed the Liberation War. Many supported the war and helped the Bengalis, though they were fewer in number. After independence, a large segment of Biharis faced local hostility for their perceived betrayal.

Genocide of Biharis

During and after the Liberation War, Biharis faced numerous retaliatory attacks. Many Biharis were killed, and their properties were looted post-independence due to their collaboration with the Pakistani forces. They faced severe violence, especially in areas like Syedpur, Khulna, Narayanganj, Chittagong, and Mirpur.

Post-independence, many Biharis wanted to migrate to Pakistan, but the Pakistani government refused to accept them. As a result, they were stranded in Bangladesh, forced to live in refugee camps. Although the 1974 tripartite agreement led to some Biharis being accepted by Pakistan, most remained in Bangladesh.

The detailed account of the genocide carried out against the Biharis is documented in the “71 SLAUGHTERHOUSE“ documentary, created by Aisha Ghazi / iResist.

 

Current Situation of Biharis

Presently, approximately 250,000 Biharis live in Bangladesh. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh granted them citizenship in 2008, providing them with voting rights and other fundamental rights. However, they still face various social and economic issues. Many Biharis continue to live in camps and have not been fully integrated into civic life.

The history of Biharis is complex and sensitive. Despite their Pakistan-aligned stance during the Liberation War, they are now permanent residents of Bangladesh. Offering them equal opportunities in society, while moving beyond past divisions, would be a humane and just decision. Learning from history and advancing towards a united future benefits everyone.

How to install Canon LBP 6230 Printer driver

Posted on by
Reply

​To install the driver for your Canon LBP6230 printer, follow these steps:

  1. Download the Driver:
    • Visit the Canon Support page.
    • Enter your printer model, LBP6230, in the search box and select it from the list.
    • Navigate to the Drivers & Downloads section.
    • Choose your operating system from the dropdown menu.
    • Download the appropriate driver for your system.
  2. Install the Driver:
    • Locate the downloaded driver file on your computer.
    • Double-click the file to begin the installation process.
    • Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation.
  3. Connect the Printer:
    • For USB Connection: Connect the printer to your computer using a USB cable.
    • For Network Connection: Ensure your printer is connected to the same network as your computer.
  4. Complete Setup:
    • After installation, print a test page to confirm the printer is functioning correctly.

For a visual guide, you can watch this tutorial

Easy Ways to Do Voice Typing on Computer

Posted on by
Reply

You can use Windows, Google Docs, and various third-party software for voice typing (Speech-to-Text) on your computer. Below are the detailed methods:

1. Windows Speech Recognition (Windows Built-in Feature)

To use Windows’ own voice typing feature:

  1. Press Windows + H (Works on Windows 10 and 11).
  2. Dictation toolbar will appear on the screen.
  3. Allow microphone access and speak in Bengali.
  4. The text will be automatically typed.

👉 Note: Windows’ built-in Speech Recognition might not work well for Bengali. It’s better to use Google Voice Typing.

2. Google Docs Voice Typing (Most Effective and Popular Method)

Voice typing in Google Docs is very easy and effective.

✅ Method:

  1. Open Google Docs in Google Chrome browser ().
  2. Go to Tools > Voice Typing.
  3. Click on the Microphone icon.
  4. Select Language: Bengali (Bangladesh).
  5. Allow microphone access and speak; it will automatically type.

👉 Google Docs Voice Typing works great for all kinds of Bengali writing!

3. Google Voice Typing (Using Gboard or Google Assistant)

If you want to type on the computer using your mobile:

  1. Install the Google Gboard app (Android/iPhone).
  2. Enable Voice Typing in Gboard on your mobile.
  3. Open WhatsApp Web / Google Keep on PC.
  4. Voice type on the mobile and copy-paste it to the PC.

4. Voice Typing in Microsoft Word

To do direct voice typing in Microsoft Word:

  1. Use Microsoft 365 or Office 2019/2021.
  2. Go to Home > Dictate (Microphone icon) > Select Language: Bengali.
  3. Speak into the microphone and it will be automatically typed.

5. Third-party Software (Speech-to-Text Software)

The following software supports Bengali voice typing well:

  • Speechnotes ()
  • Voice Notebook

Conclusion:

✅ Best Method: Google Docs Voice Typing. ✅ For Windows users: Windows Speech Recognition + Microsoft Word Dictate. ✅ If you want to type using mobile: Gboard + Google Keep.

Let us know which method works best for your needs! 😊

How to Operate a Computer Without a Mouse?

Posted on by
Reply

You can easily control your computer without a mouse using keyboard shortcuts. Below are some essential keyboard shortcuts for Windows and Mac users.

📌 Keyboard Shortcuts for Windows:

1️⃣ Open Start Menu: Ctrl + Esc or Win
2️⃣ Launch Programs: Win + R (Open Run and type software name)
3️⃣ Switch Between Tabs: Alt + Tab
4️⃣ Open File Explorer: Win + E
5️⃣ Open Settings: Win + I
6️⃣ Show Desktop: Win + D
7️⃣ Open Right-Click Menu: Shift + F10
8️⃣ Open Task Manager: Ctrl + Shift + Esc
9️⃣ Rename Files or Folders: F2
🔟 Lock Computer: Win + L

📌 Keyboard Shortcuts for Mac:

1️⃣ Spotlight Search (To find apps or files): Command + Space
2️⃣ Access Dock: Control + F3
3️⃣ Switch Tabs: Command + Tab
4️⃣ Force Quit Apps: Command + Option + Esc
5️⃣ Open System Preferences: Command + , (comma)

📌 How to Control Mouse Cursor with Keyboard?

📌 For Windows:
1️⃣ Press Win + Ctrl + Num Lock.
2️⃣ Use 8, 2, 4, 6 on the Numeric Keypad to move the cursor.

📌 For Mac:
1️⃣ Go to System Preferences → Accessibility → Mouse & Trackpad.
2️⃣ Enable Mouse Keys to control the cursor using the keyboard.

You can perform all tasks like navigation, launching apps, file management, etc., without a mouse by mastering keyboard shortcuts. This will make your work much faster!

 

What is an Owner’s Engineer in Project Implementation?

Posted on by
Reply

An Owner’s Engineer (OE) plays a crucial role in project implementation, acting as an independent consultant on behalf of the project owner. Their primary responsibility is to oversee, manage, and ensure quality control throughout the project lifecycle.

Key Responsibilities of an Owner’s Engineer:

✅ Design Review & Approval – Evaluates project designs, technical specifications, and compliance with regulations.
✅ Contractor & Vendor Management – Monitors the performance of contractors and suppliers to ensure project success.
✅ Quality Control & Assurance – Ensures that materials, equipment, and construction meet industry standards.
✅ Risk Assessment & Problem Solving – Identifies potential risks and provides solutions to mitigate project challenges.
✅ Project Budget & Timeline Monitoring – Ensures the project stays within budget and is completed on time.

Why is an Owner’s Engineer Important?

Having an Owner’s Engineer in a project reduces risks, enhances efficiency, and safeguards the owner’s interests by providing expert oversight and technical support.

If you’re looking to optimize project execution, hiring an Owner’s Engineer can significantly improve cost control, quality assurance, and compliance management.

Poetry

Posted on by
Reply

Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

By Robert Frost
Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.
He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound’s the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.

Tetulia Travel Guide: Unveiling the Beauty of Northern Bangladesh

Posted on by
Reply

Meta Title: Tetulia Travel Guide – Best Places to Visit in Northern Bangladesh
Meta Description: Discover the breathtaking beauty of Tetulia, Bangladesh. Explore Kanchenjunga viewpoints, Banglabandha Zero Point, Kazi & Kazi Tea Estate, and more in this ultimate travel guide.

Introduction: A Journey into the Heart of Tetulia

Traveling offers the joy of discovering new places, meeting fascinating people, and immersing yourself in diverse cultures. When life feels repetitive, taking a break in nature can be the perfect remedy.

As a mechanical engineer, I often find myself stuck in the cycle of work. To break free, I believe in traveling and reconnecting with nature. That’s why I embarked on an unforgettable journey to Tetulia, Bangladesh, to witness the stunning Kanchenjunga from afar.

This guide will take you through the scenic landscapes, historical landmarks, and hidden gems of Tetulia.

Rajshahi to Panchagarh: The Beginning of the Journey

Our adventure began on November 10, 2022, when I and a group of 12 enthusiastic travelers decided to explore Tetulia. We departed from Rajshahi at 9 PM on the Titumir Express.

Night Train Experience

The train ride was nothing short of magical. As I gazed through the window, the moonlight illuminated the endless paddy fields, creating a mesmerizing view. Engrossed in music, laughter, and endless conversations, the journey passed in the blink of an eye.

By dawn, we arrived at Panchagarh station, where the crisp morning air and gentle mist welcomed us. From there, we had pre-booked two auto-rickshaws to take us to our first stop—Tetulia.

Tetulia Dak Bungalow & Kanchenjunga Viewpoint

Tetulia Dak Bungalow: A Hidden Gem

Tetulia Dak Bungalow

One of Tetulia’s most famous attractions is the Tetulia Dak Bungalow, offering a panoramic view of the majestic Kanchenjunga, the third-highest peak in the world.

Things to Do at Tetulia Dak Bungalow:

✅ Enjoy the tranquil riverside scenery
✅ Capture stunning landscape photography
✅ Witness Kanchenjunga on a clear day
✅ Relax amidst lush greenery

Kanchenjunga

Unfortunately, foggy weather prevented us from seeing Kanchenjunga, but the serene surroundings and fresh air more than made up for it.

Banglabandha Zero Point: A Historical Landmark

Banglabandha Zero Point: The Gateway to India

Next, we headed to Banglabandha Zero Point, a significant Bangladesh-India border crossing.

Highlights of Banglabandha Zero Point:

✔️ Visit the Bangladesh-India Maitri Monument, symbolizing international friendship
✔️ Observe border security operations by BGB and BSF
✔️ Learn about historical cross-border trade routes

Standing at the border, I couldn’t help but appreciate the historical importance of this location. It’s a must-visit for history enthusiasts!

Kazi & Kazi Tea Estate: Bangladesh’s Only Organic Tea Garden

Our next stop was the Kazi & Kazi Tea Estate, the only organic tea plantation in Bangladesh.

Why Visit Kazi & Kazi Tea Estate?

✅ Stunning tea gardens with lush greenery
✅ A peaceful escape from city life
✅ A chance to taste pure organic tea
✅ Beautiful artificial lakes and scenic resorts

A Stroll Through the Tea Gardens

Walking through the misty tea plantations, surrounded by chirping birds and rolling hills, felt surreal. The estate even has a wooden bridge over a picturesque lake, offering a breathtaking sunset view.

Tea Tasting Experience at Kazi & Kazi Tea Estate

One of the most exciting parts of our visit was tasting freshly brewed organic tea. Unlike commercial tea brands, Kazi & Kazi tea is free from chemicals and processed with natural methods.

What Makes Their Tea Unique?

✔ 15-20-year-old naturally grown tea plants
✔ Produced on flat lands instead of hills (rare for Bangladesh)
✔ Offers a rich, refreshing taste

Sipping a warm cup of pure organic tea while overlooking the endless green plantations was truly an experience to cherish.

Returning to Rajshahi: Cherishing the Memories

As the sun began to set, it was time to head back to Rajshahi. Though we were leaving Tetulia physically, our hearts remained with the beautiful landscapes, the crisp mountain air, and the unseen Kanchenjunga.

Throughout the journey home, we shared funny moments, favorite memories, and future travel plans. One thing was certain—Tetulia had left an everlasting impression on all of us.

Plan Your Tetulia Trip Today!

If you’re a nature lover, adventure seeker, or history enthusiast, Tetulia should be on your travel bucket list!

Top Reasons to Visit Tetulia:

✔ Witness Kanchenjunga from Bangladesh
✔ Explore the historical Banglabandha Zero Point
✔ Enjoy the serene Tetulia Dak Bungalow
✔ Visit the unique Kazi & Kazi Organic Tea Estate

Final Travel Tips:

📌 Best Time to Visit: October to March (for the best Kanchenjunga views)
📌 How to Get There: Take the Titumir Express or Ekota Express to Panchagarh, then hire a local auto-rickshaw to Tetulia.
📌 Accommodation: Stay at Tetulia Dak Bungalow or local resorts for a peaceful getaway.

Have You Visited Tetulia? Share Your Experience!

Have you been to Tetulia or any of these places? We’d love to hear about your experience! Drop a comment below and inspire fellow travelers.

📍 Start planning your Tetulia adventure today and experience the beauty of northern Bangladesh! 🌿🏔✨